And b-catenin nuclear translocation in K7M2 cells was evaluated by Western blot analysis of nuclear fraction (D), immunocytochemistry (red, arrows: b-catenin, blue: DAPI) (E), and b-catenin transcriptional activity was determined by a reporter assay (F). The mRNA levels in the shControl and shFHL2 cells were evaluated by q-PCR analysis (G, H). *: P,0.05 vs the indicated group or shControl cells. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0055034.gFHL2 Silencing Reduces Osteosarcoma Tumorigenesisthese results indicate that FHL2 silencing reduces b-catenin signaling and Wnt-responsive gene expression in murine osteosarcoma cells.FHL2 Silencing Reduces Cell Title Loaded From File proliferation and Apoptosis in Osteosarcoma CellsWe next determined the consequences of FHL2 silencing on osteosarcoma cell growth and survival in basal and Wnt3asupplemented medium. As shown in Fig. 3A, Wnt3a supplementation increased cell replication in K7M2 cells, as determined by the BrdU incorporation assay. Silencing FHL2 resulted in decreased cell proliferation in basal conditions (Fig. 3A). Furthermore, FHL2 silencing abolished the stimulatory effect of Wnt3a on cell proliferation (Fig. 3A). However, the mitogenic effect of FGF-2 (0.50 ng/ml) was also abrogated by shFHL2 (Fig. 3B), suggesting that FHL2 silencing has a general inhibitory effect on cell proliferation. We next examined whether FHL2 silencing may affect osteosarcoma cell death. We found that FHL2 silencing reduced effector Nce of detecting changes in renal function at an early stage. caspases activity in murine K7M2 osteosarcoma cells in basal and serum-deprived conditions (Fig. 3C). Importantly, the same inhibitory effect was found in the presence of Wnt3a which had no effect on caspases activity in these cells (Fig. 3C). These results indicate that the decreased caspases activity induced by FHL2 silencing occurred independently of Wnt3a signaling. Although FHL2 silencing reduced caspases activity in K7M2 cells, this effect had limited impact on cell death as the number of apoptotic cells was only slightly decreased, as shown by TUNEL analysis (Fig. 3D). Overall, these data suggest that FHL2 silencing slightly impacts K7M2 proliferation and apoptosis through mechanisms independent of Wnt3a.FHL2 Silencing Reduces Cell Invasion and Migration in vitroBecause the development of metastasis is highly dependent on cell migration and invasion [26], we investigated the impact of FHL2 silencing on the invasiveness potential of 15857111 the highly metastatic K7M2 osteosarcoma cells [27]. Strikingly, silencing FHL2 markedly reduced cell migration compared to control cells (Fig. 4A, B). In direct support of this finding, FHL2 silencing in K7M2 cells markedly decreased cell wounding compared to control cells (Fig. 4C, D). Given the large impact of FHL2 silencing on K7M2 migration, we analyzed whether FHL2 silencing may also reduce bone tumor cell invasion. We found that Matrigel invasion was markedly reduced in shFHL2 transduced K7M2 cells compared 1317923 to control cells (Fig. 4E, F). Taken together, these data show that silencing FHL2 reduces murine tumor cell invasion and migration in vitro.Osteosarcoma development arises in large part from deregulated cell growth [28]. We therefore investigated whether the inhibition of tumor growth induced by FHL2 silencing is related to decreased cancer cell replication. Analysis of cell replication using Ki67 immunostaining showed that FHL2 silencing decreased the number of Ki67-positive cells (Fig. 5C). Quantification revealed that cell replication was reduced by about 40 in the t.And b-catenin nuclear translocation in K7M2 cells was evaluated by Western blot analysis of nuclear fraction (D), immunocytochemistry (red, arrows: b-catenin, blue: DAPI) (E), and b-catenin transcriptional activity was determined by a reporter assay (F). The mRNA levels in the shControl and shFHL2 cells were evaluated by q-PCR analysis (G, H). *: P,0.05 vs the indicated group or shControl cells. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0055034.gFHL2 Silencing Reduces Osteosarcoma Tumorigenesisthese results indicate that FHL2 silencing reduces b-catenin signaling and Wnt-responsive gene expression in murine osteosarcoma cells.FHL2 Silencing Reduces Cell Proliferation and Apoptosis in Osteosarcoma CellsWe next determined the consequences of FHL2 silencing on osteosarcoma cell growth and survival in basal and Wnt3asupplemented medium. As shown in Fig. 3A, Wnt3a supplementation increased cell replication in K7M2 cells, as determined by the BrdU incorporation assay. Silencing FHL2 resulted in decreased cell proliferation in basal conditions (Fig. 3A). Furthermore, FHL2 silencing abolished the stimulatory effect of Wnt3a on cell proliferation (Fig. 3A). However, the mitogenic effect of FGF-2 (0.50 ng/ml) was also abrogated by shFHL2 (Fig. 3B), suggesting that FHL2 silencing has a general inhibitory effect on cell proliferation. We next examined whether FHL2 silencing may affect osteosarcoma cell death. We found that FHL2 silencing reduced effector caspases activity in murine K7M2 osteosarcoma cells in basal and serum-deprived conditions (Fig. 3C). Importantly, the same inhibitory effect was found in the presence of Wnt3a which had no effect on caspases activity in these cells (Fig. 3C). These results indicate that the decreased caspases activity induced by FHL2 silencing occurred independently of Wnt3a signaling. Although FHL2 silencing reduced caspases activity in K7M2 cells, this effect had limited impact on cell death as the number of apoptotic cells was only slightly decreased, as shown by TUNEL analysis (Fig. 3D). Overall, these data suggest that FHL2 silencing slightly impacts K7M2 proliferation and apoptosis through mechanisms independent of Wnt3a.FHL2 Silencing Reduces Cell Invasion and Migration in vitroBecause the development of metastasis is highly dependent on cell migration and invasion [26], we investigated the impact of FHL2 silencing on the invasiveness potential of 15857111 the highly metastatic K7M2 osteosarcoma cells [27]. Strikingly, silencing FHL2 markedly reduced cell migration compared to control cells (Fig. 4A, B). In direct support of this finding, FHL2 silencing in K7M2 cells markedly decreased cell wounding compared to control cells (Fig. 4C, D). Given the large impact of FHL2 silencing on K7M2 migration, we analyzed whether FHL2 silencing may also reduce bone tumor cell invasion. We found that Matrigel invasion was markedly reduced in shFHL2 transduced K7M2 cells compared 1317923 to control cells (Fig. 4E, F). Taken together, these data show that silencing FHL2 reduces murine tumor cell invasion and migration in vitro.Osteosarcoma development arises in large part from deregulated cell growth [28]. We therefore investigated whether the inhibition of tumor growth induced by FHL2 silencing is related to decreased cancer cell replication. Analysis of cell replication using Ki67 immunostaining showed that FHL2 silencing decreased the number of Ki67-positive cells (Fig. 5C). Quantification revealed that cell replication was reduced by about 40 in the t.
