E in trend after 2004 risk communication* (95 CI) 0.54 (20.63 to 20.45)b 0.03 (20.11 to 0.06) 0.01 (20.12 to 0.10) 0.08 (20.15 to 0.002) 0.02 (0.09 to 0.05) 0.18 (20.37 to 0.02)Change in level after 2009 risk P7C3 manufacturer communication (95 CI) 0.06 (20.72 to 0.84) 20.10 (20.73 to 0.53) 0.03 (20.82 to 0.88) 0.51 (20.18 to 1.20) 0.45 (20.17 to 1.07) 0.47 (21.28 to 2.21)Change in trend after 2009 risk communication* (95 CI) 20.51 (20.64 to 20.37)b 20.17 (20.28 to 20.06)a 0.08 (20.06 to 0.23) 20.25 (20.37 to 20.13)b 20.37 (20.47 to 20.26)b 20.69 (20.99 to 20.38)bp,0.05; p,0.001. *Value is the change in trend not the subsequent trend, and interpretation of the model should be in conjunction with examining the time trend graphs. For example, for oral antipsychotics the trend before the 2004 intervention is a rising one, with an increase of 0.61 per quarter. There is a statistically significant downward change in trend of 0.54 per quarter, 11967625 so the post-2004 risk communication estimated trend is an increase of 0.07 per quarter. There is a further statistically significant downward change in trend of 0.51 per quarter after the 2009 risk communication, so the post-2009 risk communication estimated trend is a decrease of 0.44 per quarter. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0068976.tbaRisk Communications and Antipsychotic PrescribingFigure 2. Prescribing of selected oral antipsychotics in people aged 65 years with dementia. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0068976.gtrend which was rising before it and flat after it. There was an associated decrease in both antipsychotic initiation and increase in antipsychotic discontinuation. In contrast, the 2009 risk communication was not associated with any immediate change in antipsychotic prescribing, but was associated with a change in trend from flat to falling of a similar magnitude to 2004. This was associated with a decline in antipsychotic initiation, with no evidence of any change in antipsychotic discontinuation. There was no evidence of associated significant Solvent Yellow 14 web substitution with other psychotropic drugs after either risk communication, and the 2009 risk communication was associated with significant downward changes in the trend for all three drug classes. While there did not appear to be immediate substitution, it is notable that antidepressant prescribing doubled over the 10 years examined (a greater increase than in general population antidepressant use over the period 1997?010 [22]), although this trend flattened after 2009.aged 65 years and over increased from 2.5 in quarter 1 2001 to 3.8 in quarter 1 2011, and as figure 1 shows there were more people with a recorded diagnosis of dementia being prescribed an oral antipsychotic in 2011 than in 2001. Similar changes in recorded prevalence of dementia were seen in the Veteran’s Administration study by Kales et al [8], and there were no step changes in prevalence around the time of the risk communications that could explain the findings, particularly with regards the immediate impact of the 2004 risk communication. A second issue is that the study does not have data on reasons for antipsychotic prescribing, and so cannot examine the perceived indication for antipsychotic initiation, continuation or stopping. Although the data is consistent with the risk communications leading to a change in prescribing practice and the study design is as rigorous a method as can be used in the absence of randomisation [21], it is not possible to definitely ascribe causation to the ob.E in trend after 2004 risk communication* (95 CI) 0.54 (20.63 to 20.45)b 0.03 (20.11 to 0.06) 0.01 (20.12 to 0.10) 0.08 (20.15 to 0.002) 0.02 (0.09 to 0.05) 0.18 (20.37 to 0.02)Change in level after 2009 risk communication (95 CI) 0.06 (20.72 to 0.84) 20.10 (20.73 to 0.53) 0.03 (20.82 to 0.88) 0.51 (20.18 to 1.20) 0.45 (20.17 to 1.07) 0.47 (21.28 to 2.21)Change in trend after 2009 risk communication* (95 CI) 20.51 (20.64 to 20.37)b 20.17 (20.28 to 20.06)a 0.08 (20.06 to 0.23) 20.25 (20.37 to 20.13)b 20.37 (20.47 to 20.26)b 20.69 (20.99 to 20.38)bp,0.05; p,0.001. *Value is the change in trend not the subsequent trend, and interpretation of the model should be in conjunction with examining the time trend graphs. For example, for oral antipsychotics the trend before the 2004 intervention is a rising one, with an increase of 0.61 per quarter. There is a statistically significant downward change in trend of 0.54 per quarter, 11967625 so the post-2004 risk communication estimated trend is an increase of 0.07 per quarter. There is a further statistically significant downward change in trend of 0.51 per quarter after the 2009 risk communication, so the post-2009 risk communication estimated trend is a decrease of 0.44 per quarter. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0068976.tbaRisk Communications and Antipsychotic PrescribingFigure 2. Prescribing of selected oral antipsychotics in people aged 65 years with dementia. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0068976.gtrend which was rising before it and flat after it. There was an associated decrease in both antipsychotic initiation and increase in antipsychotic discontinuation. In contrast, the 2009 risk communication was not associated with any immediate change in antipsychotic prescribing, but was associated with a change in trend from flat to falling of a similar magnitude to 2004. This was associated with a decline in antipsychotic initiation, with no evidence of any change in antipsychotic discontinuation. There was no evidence of associated significant substitution with other psychotropic drugs after either risk communication, and the 2009 risk communication was associated with significant downward changes in the trend for all three drug classes. While there did not appear to be immediate substitution, it is notable that antidepressant prescribing doubled over the 10 years examined (a greater increase than in general population antidepressant use over the period 1997?010 [22]), although this trend flattened after 2009.aged 65 years and over increased from 2.5 in quarter 1 2001 to 3.8 in quarter 1 2011, and as figure 1 shows there were more people with a recorded diagnosis of dementia being prescribed an oral antipsychotic in 2011 than in 2001. Similar changes in recorded prevalence of dementia were seen in the Veteran’s Administration study by Kales et al [8], and there were no step changes in prevalence around the time of the risk communications that could explain the findings, particularly with regards the immediate impact of the 2004 risk communication. A second issue is that the study does not have data on reasons for antipsychotic prescribing, and so cannot examine the perceived indication for antipsychotic initiation, continuation or stopping. Although the data is consistent with the risk communications leading to a change in prescribing practice and the study design is as rigorous a method as can be used in the absence of randomisation [21], it is not possible to definitely ascribe causation to the ob.
