Ylalanine Histidine Lysine Nonessential and conditionally Essential Asparate Tyrosine Serine Glutamate Proline Glycine Alanine Argine2.60 1.75 1.42 1.40 2.42 0.91 0.50 2.2.60 0.77 1.32 4.38 1.46 0.57 1.25 0.A Milk-replacer formula (purchased from Dacheng, 223488-57-1 web Taiwan). Diets were analyzed for crude protein, calcium, and phosphorus contents according to Association of Official Analytical Chemists (2003) procedures [34]. Dietary amino acids were determined by ion-exchange chromatography using Hitachi L-8800 Amino Acid Analyzer (Tokyo, Japan). 2 Based on milk-replacer. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0066280.t0.9 physiological saline before obtaining the mucosa (10 cm) and the intestinal segment (5 cm).Fecal Consistency and Diarrhea IncidenceThe occurrence of diarrhea for each piglet was observed and visually Title Loaded From File assessed every afternoon after the challenge. According to this method, a scores of 0 represents normal and firm feces; 1 represents possible slight diarrhea; 2 represents definitely unformed and moderately fluid feces; and 3 represents very watery and frothy diarrhea [16]. The total diarrhea score of each group was calculated each day. The occurrence of diarrhea was defined as maintaining fecal scores of 2 or 3 for two days consecutively. The diarrhea incidence was calculated in accordance with the following formula: diarrhea incidence ( ) = number of piglets with diarrhea6diarrhea days/(number of piglets65)6100 [16,17].Analyses of Immunoglobulins in Serum and IntestineSerum samples were assayed for the concentrations of amino acids and immunoglobulin (IgA, IgG, IgM). Serum free amino 23148522 acids were analyzed using S-433D Amino Acid Analyser (Skam) as previous described. The concentration of serum AA was determined by ion-exchange chromatography with physiological fluidEffect of N-Carbamylglutamate on Pigletsanalysis conditions (S-433D AA Analyzer, Sykam, Germany). After the frozen serum samples were thawed at 4uC, the thawed samples were 18055761 deproteinized by using 120 mg of salicylic acid in each millilitre of serum. After a 20 min ice bath, the reaction system was adjusted by adding lithium hydroxide solution (2 mol/ L) for pH value and then centrifuged at 45,0006g (L-80 XP, Beckman) for 30 min. Supernatant was collected and then filtered a 0.1 mm filter. Serum immunoglobulin proteins (IgA, IgG, IgM) were measured with a swine ELISA kit (Cusabio Biotech Company, Wuhan, China), and the analysis procedures followed the manufacturer’s instructions. Duodenum, jejunum, and ileum tissue were isolated and the contents were removed. The mucosa was scraped gently from the intestines using a glass slide. Then, it was immediately immersed into liquid nitrogen and then stored at 280uC until use. Mucosa samples (0.1 g) were mixed in 5 mL PBS supplemented with 1 protease inhibitor (Sigma-Aldrich Company, Louis, Missouri, US). Samples were homogenized, and the homogenates were ultracentrifuged for 10 min at 5,0006g. The SIgA levels in the supernatant were measured by using a swine ELISA kits (Cusabio Biotech Company, Wuhan, China), and were normalized for the weight of each intestinal segment.Results PerformanceTable 2 shows the performance of piglets before and after the challenge. There was no difference in body weight among the four treatments at the beginning of the experiment, as well as on day 8 and day 13. In addition, average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) were also not significantly different among four groups before the challenge (.Ylalanine Histidine Lysine Nonessential and conditionally Essential Asparate Tyrosine Serine Glutamate Proline Glycine Alanine Argine2.60 1.75 1.42 1.40 2.42 0.91 0.50 2.2.60 0.77 1.32 4.38 1.46 0.57 1.25 0.A Milk-replacer formula (purchased from Dacheng, Taiwan). Diets were analyzed for crude protein, calcium, and phosphorus contents according to Association of Official Analytical Chemists (2003) procedures [34]. Dietary amino acids were determined by ion-exchange chromatography using Hitachi L-8800 Amino Acid Analyzer (Tokyo, Japan). 2 Based on milk-replacer. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0066280.t0.9 physiological saline before obtaining the mucosa (10 cm) and the intestinal segment (5 cm).Fecal Consistency and Diarrhea IncidenceThe occurrence of diarrhea for each piglet was observed and visually assessed every afternoon after the challenge. According to this method, a scores of 0 represents normal and firm feces; 1 represents possible slight diarrhea; 2 represents definitely unformed and moderately fluid feces; and 3 represents very watery and frothy diarrhea [16]. The total diarrhea score of each group was calculated each day. The occurrence of diarrhea was defined as maintaining fecal scores of 2 or 3 for two days consecutively. The diarrhea incidence was calculated in accordance with the following formula: diarrhea incidence ( ) = number of piglets with diarrhea6diarrhea days/(number of piglets65)6100 [16,17].Analyses of Immunoglobulins in Serum and IntestineSerum samples were assayed for the concentrations of amino acids and immunoglobulin (IgA, IgG, IgM). Serum free amino 23148522 acids were analyzed using S-433D Amino Acid Analyser (Skam) as previous described. The concentration of serum AA was determined by ion-exchange chromatography with physiological fluidEffect of N-Carbamylglutamate on Pigletsanalysis conditions (S-433D AA Analyzer, Sykam, Germany). After the frozen serum samples were thawed at 4uC, the thawed samples were 18055761 deproteinized by using 120 mg of salicylic acid in each millilitre of serum. After a 20 min ice bath, the reaction system was adjusted by adding lithium hydroxide solution (2 mol/ L) for pH value and then centrifuged at 45,0006g (L-80 XP, Beckman) for 30 min. Supernatant was collected and then filtered a 0.1 mm filter. Serum immunoglobulin proteins (IgA, IgG, IgM) were measured with a swine ELISA kit (Cusabio Biotech Company, Wuhan, China), and the analysis procedures followed the manufacturer’s instructions. Duodenum, jejunum, and ileum tissue were isolated and the contents were removed. The mucosa was scraped gently from the intestines using a glass slide. Then, it was immediately immersed into liquid nitrogen and then stored at 280uC until use. Mucosa samples (0.1 g) were mixed in 5 mL PBS supplemented with 1 protease inhibitor (Sigma-Aldrich Company, Louis, Missouri, US). Samples were homogenized, and the homogenates were ultracentrifuged for 10 min at 5,0006g. The SIgA levels in the supernatant were measured by using a swine ELISA kits (Cusabio Biotech Company, Wuhan, China), and were normalized for the weight of each intestinal segment.Results PerformanceTable 2 shows the performance of piglets before and after the challenge. There was no difference in body weight among the four treatments at the beginning of the experiment, as well as on day 8 and day 13. In addition, average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) were also not significantly different among four groups before the challenge (.
