Aternally inherited allele, and that the combination of such mutations is responsible for the observed phenotype. Alternatively, we could postulate that the father who is phenotypically normal carries the two mutations on separate alleles and that during spermatogenesis a cross-over did occur leaving the two mutations on one allele inherited by the patient, and another normal inherited by the other children. Structurally, the two mutations get PHCCC leading to amino acids substitution at both the N and C terminal of the protein were predicted to be pathogenic, and in our in vitro analysis we did show that the double mutation affects both the transcriptional activity and the localization of the protein. At the subcellular localization level, most of the NFATC1 double mutant proteins failed to translocate to the nucleus when co-expressed with constitutively active calcineurin. Although the mutation is not within the calcineurin docking site, we do suggest that the distorted structure of the protein doesn’t allow proper dephosphorylation of its N-terminal domain [16,42,43]. This is supported by the results obtained in gelThe NFATC1 P66L/I701L double mutant: an orphan partner?NFATC1 is a weak transcription factor although it has a specific and strong DNA affinity. Its activity is however enhanced by its interaction with ubiquitously and/or tissue-specific transcription factors like members of the AP-1 and GATA families [21,45]. GATA5 was previously shown to be a strong partner of NFATC1 and its recent inactivation in mice did show that the embryos develop aortic stenosis one of the most frequent valve abnormalities [19,46]. The observed phenotype in mice involves the formation of a bicuspid aortic valve instead of a tricuspid one suggesting a role of GATA5 similar to that of NFATC1 in the proliferation of valve precursors and final remodeling part. Our results go in parallel with this suggested role, since the interaction of GATA5 and NFATC1 is relatively hampered by the double mutation. In fact, the functional synergy between both proteins was reduced by 50 over the DEGS1 promoter, which was recently shown by our group to be directly regulated by NFAT and HAND2 in chronic hypoxia, a mouse model mimicking cyanotic CHD including Tricuspid Atresia (unpublished data). The HAND2/NFATC1 interaction is also severely affected by the double mutation suggesting a combinatorial interaction between GATA5/NFATC1/HAND2 in a common pathway regulating endocardial Lixisenatide chemical information cushion formation and valve maturation. One could argue however, that the fact the double mutant is trapped in the cytoplasm might cause the observed inhibition. Nevertheless even with higher doses of transfected mutant vectors, the observed synergy with the wild type protein couldn’t be recapitulated. Our hypothetical model would involve regulation of downstream target genes like cyclin D1, which was previously shown to be a direct target for GATA and NFATC1 proteins in the early phases of endocardial cushion proliferation (Figure 8). In fact, in human pulmonary valve endothelial cells, NFATC1 activates in vitro endothelial-specific genes ultimately leading to their proliferation [47]. Furthermore, NFATC1 promotes cell cycle progression in 3T3-L1 cells showing altered expression of cell cycle genes including high levels of cyclin D1 [48]. On the other hand, DEGS1 would be ideal factor involved in valve maturation whereby apoptosis is a key 1662274 event. In fact, DEGS1 is known to be involved in de novo ceramide.Aternally inherited allele, and that the combination of such mutations is responsible for the observed phenotype. Alternatively, we could postulate that the father who is phenotypically normal carries the two mutations on separate alleles and that during spermatogenesis a cross-over did occur leaving the two mutations on one allele inherited by the patient, and another normal inherited by the other children. Structurally, the two mutations leading to amino acids substitution at both the N and C terminal of the protein were predicted to be pathogenic, and in our in vitro analysis we did show that the double mutation affects both the transcriptional activity and the localization of the protein. At the subcellular localization level, most of the NFATC1 double mutant proteins failed to translocate to the nucleus when co-expressed with constitutively active calcineurin. Although the mutation is not within the calcineurin docking site, we do suggest that the distorted structure of the protein doesn’t allow proper dephosphorylation of its N-terminal domain [16,42,43]. This is supported by the results obtained in gelThe NFATC1 P66L/I701L double mutant: an orphan partner?NFATC1 is a weak transcription factor although it has a specific and strong DNA affinity. Its activity is however enhanced by its interaction with ubiquitously and/or tissue-specific transcription factors like members of the AP-1 and GATA families [21,45]. GATA5 was previously shown to be a strong partner of NFATC1 and its recent inactivation in mice did show that the embryos develop aortic stenosis one of the most frequent valve abnormalities [19,46]. The observed phenotype in mice involves the formation of a bicuspid aortic valve instead of a tricuspid one suggesting a role of GATA5 similar to that of NFATC1 in the proliferation of valve precursors and final remodeling part. Our results go in parallel with this suggested role, since the interaction of GATA5 and NFATC1 is relatively hampered by the double mutation. In fact, the functional synergy between both proteins was reduced by 50 over the DEGS1 promoter, which was recently shown by our group to be directly regulated by NFAT and HAND2 in chronic hypoxia, a mouse model mimicking cyanotic CHD including Tricuspid Atresia (unpublished data). The HAND2/NFATC1 interaction is also severely affected by the double mutation suggesting a combinatorial interaction between GATA5/NFATC1/HAND2 in a common pathway regulating endocardial cushion formation and valve maturation. One could argue however, that the fact the double mutant is trapped in the cytoplasm might cause the observed inhibition. Nevertheless even with higher doses of transfected mutant vectors, the observed synergy with the wild type protein couldn’t be recapitulated. Our hypothetical model would involve regulation of downstream target genes like cyclin D1, which was previously shown to be a direct target for GATA and NFATC1 proteins in the early phases of endocardial cushion proliferation (Figure 8). In fact, in human pulmonary valve endothelial cells, NFATC1 activates in vitro endothelial-specific genes ultimately leading to their proliferation [47]. Furthermore, NFATC1 promotes cell cycle progression in 3T3-L1 cells showing altered expression of cell cycle genes including high levels of cyclin D1 [48]. On the other hand, DEGS1 would be ideal factor involved in valve maturation whereby apoptosis is a key 1662274 event. In fact, DEGS1 is known to be involved in de novo ceramide.
