ance, endocrine, power metabolism, digestive program, protein production, cytoplasmic translation, and regulation (Supplementary Materials, Excels S3 and S4). The numbers of contracted gene families in genus clades in the phylogenetic tree were greater than that the numbers of expanded genes. The numbers of contracted gene households in most species have been decrease, except for two associated species of V. javana sp. 7 and sp. 2 and 4 taxa of Blastophaga (Figure 2a,b). For contracted gene families, the GO- and KEGG-enriched gene families in V. javana sp. 7 and sp. 2 have been associated to amino acid metabolism, signal transduction, energy metabolism or carbohydrate metabolism, along with the nervous method, but the specific gene families and metabolic pathways (and, indeed, the proteins that they produce) were cIAP-2 drug diverse (Supplementary Materials, Excels S3 and S4). Four enzymes or gene households connected to protein synthesis (e.g., serine and threonine) enriched in KEGG were shared amongst B. sp.-F. abeli and B. sp.-F. pyriformis (Table two; Supplementary Materials, Excel S4). Ribosome, valine, leucine, and isoleucine biosynthesis-related genes at the same time as neurodegenerative disease-related genes were shared involving B. sp.-F. formosa and B. sp.-F. erecta var. beecheyana. No KEGG pathway was shared amongst the four taxa. 3.5. Contraction of Genes Involved in Chemosensory It has been reported that some chemosensory gene families in fig wasps have skilled dramatic contractions in relation to other insects [6]. Consequently, we compared the numbers of genes in OBP, Or, CSP, Ir, and Gr households among fig wasps along with other insect species (Table three; Figure 3a,b). The numbers for OBPs and CSPs inside the fig wasps have been 65 (14.7 7.four) and 128 (19.5 six.six), though in other insects these figures wereInsects 2021, 12,11 of92 (30.7 21.2) and 91 (19 7.five); there had been no 5-HT2 Receptor medchemexpress important differences in OBP and CSP numbers when comparing fig wasps with other insects (t-test: t = -1.966, p = 0.094; t = 0.165, p = 0.870). The numbers of genes for Or, Ir and Gr households in fig wasps have been 208 (33.six 16.four), 62 (13.2 3.6), and 59 (10.two 3.6), respectively, whilst these of the other insects were 9481 (298.3 214.5), 290 (40.0 12.0), and 3943 (57.7 35.1); there had been considerably decrease numbers of genes in each of those 3 sensory classes in fig wasps when in comparison to other insects (t = -3.262, p = 0.017; t = -5.86, p = 0.001; t = -4.931, p = 0.003).Table 3. Numbers of OBP, Or, CSP, Ir, and Gr genes amongst 25 fig wasps and 7 other insect species. Species Valisia javana sp. 7 V. javana sp. 2 V. javana sp. 8 V. esquirolianae V. javana sp. 1 V. medusa V. cf filippina V. malayana V. compacta V. sp.-F. langkokensis Platyscapa quadraticeps P. sp.-F. concinna P. sp.-F. rumphill Eupristina altissima Blastophaga sp.-F. abeli B. sp.-F. pyriformis B. sp.-F. formosa B. sp.-F. erecta var. beecheyana B. sp.-F. variolosa Ceratosolen appendiculatus C. fusciceps C. gravelyi C. solmsi C. constrictus Kradibia tentacularis Imply for 25 fig wasps SE Nasonia vitripennis Copidosoma floridanum Apis mellifera Polistes canadensis Acromyrmex echinatior Orussus abietinus Drosophila melanogaster Imply for seven other insects SE OBP 31 23 16 13 15 19 11 16 13 16 11 8 6 7 11 11 9 12 29 14 10 11 9 12 35 14.72 7.45 62 47 21 11 17 9 48 30.72 21.16 Or 33 45 27 38 30 30 21 21 21 20 26 23 20 73 22 20 27 30 27 78 63 43 47 34 22 33.64 16.39 474 186 343 181 681 94 129 298.29 214.51 CSP 38 26 16 14 16 24 24 28 14 23 16 23 15 16 20 13 14 14 24 19 16 12
